Midterm Review: Key Terms and Concepts

1. Key Terms and Concepts
1. Moran's five dimensions of culture 
1. Products/artifacts
1. The things that are used
2. Buildings that are built
3. Food
4. Folklore
5. Fashion
2. Practices
1. What individuals do
2. Festivals
3. Persons
1. Communities
2. How things are shared within one another
4. Perspectives
1. World views
2. Ideologies
3. Attitudes
5. Communities
1. Sharing the culture
2. Changing all the time
3. World is getting smaller (due to technology), global culture
2. Essentialist vs. non-essentialist views on culture 
1. Essentialist
1. Culture is easily defined
2. Easy to distinguish between cultures
3. Culture is concrete (by the way they act, dress, eat)
4. Generalization and stereotypical
2. Non-essentialist
1. Culture is flowing and hard to pin-point
2. Culture does not define everyone who is subscribed to a culture
3. Culture is complex
3. Contact zone
1. The space where cultures meet and clash
2. Hybrid culture lives here
4. Post-structural definitions of culture (Moran)
1. There is no one definition of culture
2. It's not exclusive to one group
3. Identities intersect and contrast each other
5. Conversational implicature (Hinkel: Lawrence F. Bouton)
1. ELL's speaking with NES might have different implicatures, therefore misinterpret or not understand what the message might mean or infer
2. 6 types of implicatures
1. POPE Q: answering a question with another question
2. Indirect criticism: often a request of evaluation of something is followed by a criticism
3. Relevance-based: what's happening the world around them relating to the occasion
4. Sequence of Events/scalar: what happened first and next in one sentence, but not the other way around
5. Minimum Requirement Rule: asking if a person has made it to a certain degree and beyond but not asking if the person achieved that degree
6. Irony: sarcasm?
6. Cultural capital, habitus (Kumaravadivelu)
1. Habitus: habitus is acquired through one's daily life. It shapes one's attitude, words, and deeds.
2. Cultural capital: Culture can be created through socialization and education. It can help individual cultural growth and community cultural growth.
7. The Principle of linguistic relativity/Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (Kumaravadivelu)
1. The Principle of Linguistic Relativity
1. Strong: Language determines thought
2. Weak: Language influences thought
2. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Language determines thought
8. Otherization (Kimaravadivelu), orientalism (Kumaravadivelu), ethnocentrism (Wintergerst)
1. Otherization: self is good and others are bad. Devalue of others
2. Orientalism: eastern culture is better than western culture
3. Ethnocentrism: own culture is better than any other culture
9. Investment vs. motivation (Norton)
1. Investment
1. Learning a language is also shaping who you are
2. You acquire a wider range of symbolic and material resources
2. Motivation
1. Instrumental motivation: learn a new language for benefits of getting a better employment
2. Intergrative motivation: learn a new language to integrate oneself in the target language community
3. Investment vs Intergrative motivation
1. Investment is also including an understanding of complex social history and multiple desires
10. Language and identity connection (earlier vs. the most recent perspectives in TESOL) (Pavlenko)
1. First generation immigrants
1. Tries harder to be Americanized
2. Identities were not negotiated in the past
2. The turn of the 21st century
1. Associated with own identity more and reshaped American identity (except Asian American)
2. Being more "American" meant to give up own culture and identity
11. Family language practice (Kang)
1. We studied Korean-American families' family ideologies and practices
2. Passing mother tongue to second generations for language barrier reasons and if the family ever needs to return back to Korea
3. Family language policy: What parents do with the language in the home (based on what the parents feel about the pass of the language)
12. Contrastive rhetoric and critical views on contrastive rhetoric
1. ELL's writing is written through the style of their native culture
2. Every language and culture have their own writing style